2014-2015, the human antibiotics not available
· Human may return to an age of no antibiotics
Emergence of antibiotic, creating a human treatment of diseases in the new Millennium
Antibiotics as treatment of bacterial infectious diseases in primary drug, is currently the world\'s most widely used and fastest, most class of drugs. In 1928, the United Kingdom Fleming invented penicillin, the bacteria, 1940 to clinic, marked a new era in the treatment of infectious diseases. For decades, penicillin has saved millions of thousands of lives, make human life expectancy has increased from 40 to 65 years old. Penicillin \"deeds\" epitome of antibiotics contribute to human society.
Antibiotics appears as a major event of the 20th century, creating a human illusion hardly affected by the disease. However at the same time, many sexual transmitted disease of newborn or is of terrible destruction occurs every corner of the world, some momentum and resurgent infectious diseases. For example, currently over 1.7 billion people worldwide infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, about 20 million TB patients, now 8 million of new tuberculosis cases per year, 3 million people die, head of the highest death toll of infectious diseases. The resurgence of bacterial infectious diseases, is ultimately the human immune system fails, the culprit of this failure is to resist antibiotics bacterial attacks.
Antibiotics abuse, human antibiotics not available
Just 60 years since the use of antibiotics, many bacterial resistance to antibiotics has serious, and some even had multiple drug resistance. Among scholars for the shocked, they study finds-the emergence of drug resistant bacteria are direct consequences of human irrational use of antibiotics and bacterial resistance of speed much faster than the speed of human drug development, if not prevent, mankind will enter the \"post antibiotic era\", which returned to antibiotics found that people in the face of bacterial infection and helpless before the dark ages.
United States researchers at Harvard University for a survey of 46,477 in the children\'s medical records show that antibiotics currently in use by the frequency of extremely high average prescription of antibiotics accepts 3 times a year per child, of which half of the normal use of the antibiotics are used to dealing with issues such as otitis media, and 12% are used in colds and upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, and so does not need to use antibiotics for infection treatment. In the United States, doctors every day 50% in the prescription of antibiotics are not necessary. United States from 1982 to 1992 between the number of deaths from infectious diseases rose 40%, died sepsis rose 89%, the main reason is the treatment of resistant bacteria brought difficulties, in 1992 the United States alone has 13,300 died of antibiotic resistance in patients with bacterial infections. France approximately 9 million ~1000 million people suffering from pharyngitis, 90% people in antibiotics during the illness, but in fact, only about 22.2% of pharyngitis bacterial infections, others are infected with a virus, antibiotics have no effect. In addition, doctors often rhinitis, bronchitis and many for the misuse of antibiotics in the treatment of diseases of virus infection.
Make a global assessment according to the 1998 data show: half of what is human use of antibiotics, which 80% for grass-roots communities, mainly for respiratory tract infections, unreasonable rate 20~50%; animal use and the other half, 80% for prophylaxis and growth using, unreasonable rates up to 40~80%.
China is world Shang abuse antibiotics most serious of national one, who in international range within of more Center investigation display, hospital patients antibacterial drug using about 30%, and in China hospital patients in the using antibiotics of accounted for 80%~90%, which using wide spectrum antibiotics or joint using two species above antibiotics of accounted for 58%, on even outpatient cold patients are has 75% application antibiotics, greatly over has has is does not normal of international average level. In 1999-2002 during the year, although sales of the anti-infective drugs per cent decline in the proportion of total sales in the pharmaceutical market, but its net sales are still high speed increments. In 2002, anti-infective drugs for hospitals in China reached 34.5 billion yuan market scale, ranks hospitals in 26.5% market share of top spot in the large class of drugs used (in the context of global, anti-infectives market sales accounted for about 15% of the drug sales, was ranked second place in the global pharmaceutical market sales).
In our country, the human use of antibiotics and the many overlapping animal use of antibiotics, more people still be secondary product use as animal feed with antibiotics, which aggravated the drug resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. Large-scale use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, resulting in a large number of antibiotics in the environment released and domestication and evolution of drug-resistant bacteria. Not only are our country\'s problems, is also a global problem.
Antibiotics using of main crowd one is 15 aged following children, according to Shanghai, and Beijing and Chongqing children\'s hospital information, outpatient doctor in children with has using antibiotics who 80~85%, General cold 92~98%, and pneumonia who is 100% using antibiotics, such of high using percentage clearly is very does not reasonable of, because General cold 90% is virus caused by, and in infant pneumonia especially initial stage, virus disease original ratio also up to 40%, this part in children with is no using antibiotics means syndrome of.
This antibiotic misuse causing my problem of bacterial resistance is particularly prominent. Clinical isolation of some bacteria for certain drug resistance has been the highest in the world. In addition to the above mentioned of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, fungi, and other drug-resistant bacteria, a quinolone antibiotics into the country just more than 20 years, its resistance rate has reached 60%~70%. According to incomplete statistics of the last 5 years, Shanghai, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Chengdu and other large cities each year in the total costs of drugs, antibiotics accounted for 30%~4
0%, first of all drugs. Staphylococcus aureus infection of people in Shanghai, 80% has a resistance to penicillin g. Claforan, ceftriaxone, and other third-generation cephalosporin class of antibiotics in bacteria is becoming common, antibiotics significantly ahead of the selection of varieties.Irrational use of antibiotics cause waste of limited medical resources, causing bacterial resistance, and may lead to adverse drug reactions. In the use of antibiotics in children with acute respiratory infection in China, there is an obvious anomaly is too much choice intravenous antibiotics, even broad spectrum antibiotics. Parents always think vein is the best, mistake precious antibiotic, the better, and most of the daily in outpatients in children with 1 vein using β-lactam antibiotics (including Penicillins and cephalosporins, etc), this is extremely inappropriate, this type of time-dependent antibiotic, Pharmacodynamics of requirements should be the medication once every 6-8 hours. General bacterial upper respiratory tract infection and mild pneumonia can be treated with oral antibiotics.
Global appeal: rational use of antibiotics
Who in recent years has been calling for: antibiotic use is out of control, countries in the world to take urgent measures to prevent the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant strains; 1997 EU special funds established a microbial infection and antibiotic resistance monitoring of transnational networks, standard test methods and criteria of drug-resistant bacteria, and guidance for rational use of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance of this global problem, more and more countries more legislative means of disabling antibiotics. European Commission ban bacitracin zinc, Spiramycin, Virginia ADRIAMYCIN and Tylosin phosphate 4 antibiotics in use within the EU, from July 1, 1999 against for livestock, poultry.
In China Government also has realized that abuse antibiotics of hazard, to effective stop antibiotics of abuse, national food drug supervision authority provisions: from on July 1, 2004 up, is not included non-prescription drug drug directory of various antibacterial drug (including antibacterial drug and sulfonamide class, and praziquantel promise ketone class, and anti-tuberculosis, and anti-fungi drug), in all retail pharmacies must with practice industry physicians prescription to sales, no prescription of prohibited sold antibacterial drug. Ministry of health has also published the guiding principles on clinical application of antibiotics, this is my first time using administrative means to guide and control doctors on the use of certain drugs, was also developed for a certain type of drug used for the first time in our country guide. Ministry of science and technology also has use of antibiotics in Pediatrics and detection of drug resistance of bacteria as a \"five-year plan\" Science and technology research projects. Abuse of antibiotic is expected to be effectively contained.
Parents should also pay attention to reasonable use of antibiotics
A long time, the parents dependent psychology of antibiotic use, children of a fever, taken to the hospital doctors most of your best prescriptions to, at all costs. Everyone knows:
· Antibiotics is not a panacea, is not a disease with antibiotics;
· Antibiotics more non-fever medicine, not a fever, do not ask the hows and Whys to put on antibiotics.
· Whether combined use of two or more antibiotics are necessary, should be carefully considered. Casual, blind combined, makes things worse.
Parents of children with as, don\'t be a doctor \"-using\" antibiotic, greater cannot be thought that the dose, the more results will certainly be better. Sometimes, often counterproductive.
United States Academy of Pediatrics practice lessons in this regard: beginning in 1997, they provide guidance to parents, effective good: \"when your child fever, cough, antibiotics are not the only method, mother care is often the best choice. \"This kind of care, affinity statements, made his parents very receptive to ideas of rational use of antibiotics.
There are parents of children with under the influence of the media, after the need to use antibiotics, doctors out of the correct prescription, refused to give their children the use of antibiotics. Doing so tends to aggravate the consequences of disease progression, exterminating the normal treatment.
We promote the proper use of antibiotics by concept: fair use, not abuse. In response, the doctor gives recommendation is: do not use antibiotics without as much as possible; should be unavailable to rational use, selection of accurate, dose and duration of the drug to the right, close attention to the adverse reactions that may occur to be familiar with and, once discovered, must stop immediately and take the appropriate measures.
Only the rational use of antibiotics to prevent abuse, to play to the best use of antibiotics, in order to avoid a great deal of waste, to ensure to the maximum of security.
